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Human Vaccine | Esco VacciXcell

Human Vaccines Plays an Important Role for All Ages

Vaccine and Immunization

Few combinations of scientific development and large-scale delivery rival the impact that vaccines and associated immunization programs have had on human health and well being. The scientific and pharmaceutical enterprises have developed vaccines to protect humans against dozens of diseases.

Immunization is a global health and development success story, saving millions of lives every year. Vaccines reduce the risks of getting a disease by working with your body’s natural defenses to build protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds.

A human vaccine is a biological substance designed to protect humans from infections caused by bacteria and viruses. Vaccines are also called immunizations because they take advantage of our natural immune system's ability to prevent infectious illness.

We now have vaccines to prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases, helping people of all ages live longer, healthier lives. Immunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles.

Vaccination for All ages

Vaccination by using human vaccines plays an important role for all ages; Infancy and Childhood, Adolescents, Maternal, Adults, and Elderly/Senior Citizens.

Vaccine for infancy and Childhood (Birth to 10 years of Age)

Vaccines are generally administered to children according to a recommended immunization schedule to prevent common and rare illnesses. Regular check-ups to the doctor are usually done to ensure children are up-to-date with their shots. The following diseases can be prevented through vaccination:

  • Chickenpox – 1st dose between the twelfth month and fifteenth month. 2nd dose anytime between the fourth year and sixth year.
  • Hepatitis A – administer 2-dose series between the twelfth month and third year.
  • Hepatitis B – 1st dose of vaccine should be administered at birth, followed by 2nd dose between the first month and second month, and a 3rd dose between the sixth month and eighteenth month.

Recommended Immunization Schedule for birth to 10 years

Vaccine Birth 1 mo 2 mos 4 mos 6 mos 9 mos 12 mos 15 mos 18 mos
Hepatitis B (HepB) 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd dose
Rotavirus (RV) RV1 (2-dose series); RV (3-dose series) 1st dose 2nd dose
Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP: <7 yrs) 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd dose
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) 4th dose
Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd dose 4th dose
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV: <18 yrs) 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd dose
Influenza (IIV) Annual vaccination 1 or 2 doses
Influenza (LAIV)
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) 1st dose
Varicella (VAR) 1st dose
Hepatitis A 1st dose
Tetanus, diphteria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap: >7 yrs)
Human papilloma virus
Meningococcal (MenACWY-D: >9 mos; MenACWY-CRM: >2 mos
Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
Vaccine 19 -23 mos 2-3 yrs 4-6 yrs 7-10 yrs
Hepatitis B (HepB)
Rotavirus (RV) RV1 (2-dose series); RV (3-dose series)
Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP: <7 yrs) 5th dose
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13)
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV: <18 yrs) 5th dose
Influenza (IIV) Annual vaccination 1 or 2 doses Annual vaccination 1 or 2 doses only
Influenza (LAIV) Annual vaccination 1 or 2 doses Annual vaccination 1 dose only
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) 2nd dose
Varicella (VAR) 2nd dose
Hepatitis A 2-dose series
Tetanus, diphteria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap: >7 yrs)
Human papilloma virus
Meningococcal (MenACWY-D: >9 mos; MenACWY-CRM: >2 mos High-risk Groups
Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) High-risk Groups
Vaccine for Adolescents (11 to 18 years of Age)

Vaccine for Adolescents (11 to 18 years of Age)

Preteens and teenagers are still at high risk of getting infected and since they have fewer appointments to the doctor than when they were younger, they still need to be regularly immunized. Recommended vaccines are as follows:

Influenza (Flu) vaccine – 1 dose annually Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular pertussis (Tdap) - a booster shot is recommended at age 11-12. Meningococcal vaccine – 1st dose is administered at age 11-12 and a booster shot at age 16 to extend protection into the college years. Human papillomavirus – a 3-dose series between the age of 11 and 12.

Recommended Immunization Schedule from ages 11 years to 18 years

Vaccine 11-12 years 13-15 years 16-18 years
Hepatitis B (HepB)
Rotavirus (RV) RV1 (2-dose series); RV (3-dose series)
Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP: <7 yrs)
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) High-risk Groups
Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) High-risk Groups
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV: <18 yrs)
Influenza (IIV) Annual Vaccination 1 dose only
Influenza (LAIV) Annual Vaccination 1 dose only
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
Varicella (VAR)
Hepatitis A
Tetanus, diphteria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap: >7 yrs) Tdap
Human papilloma virus Case-dependent
Meningococcal (MenACWY-D: >9 mos; MenACWY-CRM: >2 mos 1st dose 2nd dose
Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) High-risk Groups
Vaccine for Maternal

Vaccine for Maternal

Vaccination during pregnancy is shown to be effective in protecting the mother and unborn baby from illnesses. Maternal immunization provides immunity to the mother, fetus, and newborn baby through the transplacental transfer of vaccine maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG). Maternal IgG gives passive insusceptibility amid the initial 6 months of a newborn child's life preceding the baby's capacity to completely respond to immunization. Maternal immunization can likewise prevent sickness in both the mother and her unborn child during a highly risky situation in their lives. Presently, the only vaccines approved for use during pregnancy are for influenza (flu) and Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis). Other vaccines that should be consulted with a doctor before administering are for immunization from the following diseases: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal disease, and Pneumococcal disease.

The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in particular, causes infections of the lungs and the respiratory tract. It is a common illness that affects most children below two years of age. It is considered  the single most common reason for infant hospitalization in the US, that 5 to 20 out of 1000 will require hospitalization according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Presently, a safe vaccine for RSV that can be given to infants has not yet been developed.

The use of a polyclonal antibody preparation called RSV-immunoglobulin intravenous (IGIV), marketed as RespiGam™ as a means of passive immunization against RSV was the first attempt of prevention. It is no longer commercially available due to advances in neutralizing monoclonal antibody technology. The Synagis®, is the only FDA-approved medication that may prevent RSV infections and protect high-risk babies from serious complications associated with RSV disease. Though not a vaccine, Synagis® contains virus-fighting antibodies that can be administered every 28-30 days. As the product is a monoclonal antibody, protection is only for a limited span of time, resulting in only short-term protection.

28-30 days. As the product is a monoclonal antibody, protection is only for a limited span of time, resulting in only short-term protection.

Vaccine for Adults

Vaccine for Adults (19 - 64 years of Age)

As humans age, appointments to the doctor are becoming fewer, thereby increasing their chances of getting infected since they are less likely to be up-to-date with their recommended vaccines. Immunization is an integral component of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and as such, adults should be committed to it.

Throughout adulthood, it is recommended that adults be vaccinated against the following diseases:

  • Influenza (flu) – 1 dose should be administered annually
  • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap/Td) – administer Tdap vaccine once then Td booster every 10 years
  • Hepatitis B – for adults who have diabetes or simply at high risk (3 doses)
  • Hepatitis A – recommended if some other risk factor is present (3 doses)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) – 3 doses between the ages of nineteen and twenty-six for females while 3 doses for males from ages of nineteen to twenty-one. The shots can be administered for males until the age of twenty-six, if some other risk factor is present.

Recommended Immunization Schedule from the ages of 19 years to 64 years

Vaccine ≥ 65 years
Influenza inactivated (IIV) or Influenza recombinant (RIV) 1 dose annually
Influenza live attenuated (LAIV)
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap or Td) 1 dose Tdap, then Td or Tdap booster every 10 yrs
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
Varicella (VAR) 2 doses (for high-risk groups)
Zoster recombinant (RZV) (preferred) 2 doses
Zoster live (ZVL) 1 dose
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Pneumococccal conjugate (PCV13) Recommended vaccination based on shared clinical decision-making
Pneumococccal polysaccharide (PPSV23) 1 dose
Hepatitis A 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
Hepatitis B 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
Meningococcal A, C, W, Y (MenACWY) 1 or 2 doses depending on indication; CDC have booster recommendations
Meningococcal B (MenB) 19-23 years 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine indication 2 or 3 doses depending on indication; CDC have booster recommendations
Haemophilus influnzae type b (Hib) 1 or 3 doses depending on indication
adult couple

Production of Human Vaccine

Vaccines are produced on a large scale as they need to be administered to large populations of children and adults to be effective as a public health tool. This large-scale production is often a challenge. Vaccine production has several stages. ESCO VacciXCell provides upstream process technology to produce human vaccines with adherent cell culture.

Sources
  • Mandal Nandya. 2019. Vaccine Production. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Vaccine-Production.aspx. April Cashin-Garbutt, MA 
  • Stacey L Wooden, Wayne C Koff,. 2018. The Human Vaccines Project: Towards a comprehensive understanding of the human immune response to immunization. Human Vaccine Immunotherapy. 2018;14(9):2214-2216
  • Anne Schuchat. 2011. Human Vaccines and Their Importance to Public Health. Procedia in Vaccinology Volume 5, 2011, Pages 120-126
  • WHO. 2023. Vaccines and immunization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1